The History of the Pantheon

The Pantheon is one of the best-preserved monuments of ancient Rome. It is a remarkable structure that has endured for centuries, standing as a testament to the architectural brilliance of the ancient Romans. This iconic temple has a rich history, from its origins as a pagan temple to its transformation into a Christian church, and it continues to inspire awe and wonder in visitors today.

• The Pantheon was built by Emperor Hadrian around 126-128 A.D. on the site of an earlier structure built by Marcus Agrippa.
• It was originally designed as a temple for Roman gods, with its name derived from the Greek words "pan" meaning "all" and "theos" meaning "gods".
• The Pantheon's design has influenced countless buildings throughout history, across Europe and throughout the Americas.

Origins of the Pantheon

The Pantheon stands on the site of an earlier structure of the same name, constructed around 25 B.C. by Marcus Agrippa, son-in-law of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. While the original Pantheon was destroyed by fire, it was rebuilt by Emperor Domitian only to be burned down again in 110 A.D.

• The existing Pantheon was built during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, who was known for his passion for art and architecture.
• The Pantheon's construction was likely started under Hadrian's predecessor, Trajan, who served as emperor from 98 to 117.
• It remains uncertain who the Pantheon's architect was, or exactly what role Hadrian played in the project.

The Pantheon's Iconic Dome

The Pantheon's most notable feature is its massive domed ceiling, which was the largest of its kind when it was built. The dome is made primarily from bricks and concrete and measures 142 feet in diameter.

• At the top of the dome is an opening, or oculus, that is 27 feet in width.
• The oculus lets in light, rain, and other weather, creating a dramatic and ever-changing atmosphere within the Pantheon.
• The walls and floor of the rotunda are decorated with marble and gilt, and the domed ceiling contains five rings of 28 rectangular coffers.

The Pantheon's Transformation into a Christian Church

After the capital of the Roman Empire was transferred from Rome to Byzantium by Emperor Constantine in 330, the Pantheon fell into disrepair.

• In 609, Pope Boniface IV converted the Pantheon into a Christian church, known as Sancta Maria ad Martyres (St. Mary and the Martyrs) in Latin.
• This conversion was significant because it was the first Roman pagan temple to be consecrated as a Christian church.
• The conversion helped to preserve the Pantheon, as the papacy had the resources to repair and maintain it.

The Pantheon's Influence on Architecture

The Pantheon's design has had a profound impact on architecture throughout history.

• The Pantheon's dome was a marvel of engineering and inspired countless architects throughout the centuries.
• The Pantheon proved an important influence for the great Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, as well as countless architects who followed, in Europe and beyond.
• Thomas Jefferson modeled both Monticello and the Rotunda building at the University of Virginia, after the Pantheon.

The Pantheon Today

Today, the Pantheon is a major tourist destination and continues to function as a church. Catholic mass is regularly held there, and visitors from around the world come to marvel at its architectural splendor.

• The Pantheon is also the burial place for several notable figures, including painter Raphael, composer Arcangelo Corelli, and architect Baldassare Peruzzi.
• Several monarchs are also buried there, including Vittorio Emanuele II, Umberto I, and Queen Margherita.